Soviet-Era Guitar Effects Field Guide
Last updated 7/22/2024
By Paul Marossy
The world of Soviet-era and post-Soviet era guitar effects is much larger than I realized when I started exploring it about a year ago. I thought it might be
nice to gather some info on all of the classic 70s & 80s Iron Curtain (USSR / CCCP) guitar pedals and put them in one place with pictures, general descriptions and schematics & original instruction manuals when possible. I have a lot more info on some of the pedals shown below but I decided to keep this page more of a simple overview. I spent quite a few hours doing the research to put this page together. It has been very educational!
This page is likely not even close to an exhaustive list of all the effects made in USSR / CCCP time period, but I think it covers 46 of the most commonly encountered ones. It is rather long but hopefully you find it interesting. I tried to organize it by manufacturer the best I could. In some cases I don't know who actually manufactured some of these things.
Often is the case that the name associated with the pedal is a regional name where the factory was rather than a brand name, like "Kazan" for example. In other cases, such as products made by "Elektronika", it appears there were several factories involved and they were in various different geographical areas. You can sometimes tell exactly where it was made by looking at the last few pages of the instruction manual, if a complete one is available. All artifacts of a planned economy, I guess... which can make it a bit confusing for those of us in the west. In any case, at the header of each "brand" I indicated the location of manufacture based on the information I could find at the time of creating this page.
In addition to what is represented here, there are also some interesting and cool looking guitar effects (called "Milin Kamk") that were made in Bulgaria beginning around 1983, but these seem to be even more unlikely to be encountered by anyone living in the west. There are mixed reviews on these pedals.
Poland had their own offerings, too. EXAR offered fifteen different products: AD-1 Delay, CP-1 Compressor, CS-1 Chorus, DQ-1 Doctor Q, DS-1 Distortion, EF-1 Envelope Filter, FL-1 Flanger, GE-1 Graphic Equalizer, MT-1 Metal, NG-1 Noise Gate, OC-1 Octaver, OD-1 Over Drive, PH-1 Phasing, PH-2 Phasing and the TM-1 Tremolo. Externally, these look very similar to 1980s DOD products. There was also a Polish brand called KOD which had the following offerings: CE-02 Chorus, CS-01 Compressor, DS-04 Distortion, FL-03 Flanger, OD-09 Over Drive and the PH-05 Phaser. It's not clear exactly what time period these are from but it seems that they were manufactured around the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
KAZAN (Capital of Tatarstan, Russia)
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This is the Kazan "Kvaker". It was the first Soviet-era guitar pedal that I acquired. It uses a unique circuit which does not use an inductor.
It has a Timbre control and a Level control. It's a fun one with a unique sound. It uses germanium PNP transistors. These were manufactured in the late-1970s.
To learn more about it and for access to schematic & instruction manual,
CLICK HERE
.
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This the Kazan "Vibrato", which is a tremolo. It has a depth control that is controlled by the treadle. There is also a Speed and Level control.
The circuit utilizes a mixture of germanium and silicon transistors. I like this one a lot, it's pretty cool. I don't use tremolo much but I like
the concept this pedal is based on. These were manufactured in the late-1970s.
To learn more about it and for access to schematic & instruction manual,
CLICK HERE
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Here is the Kazan "Booster". It is not a booster, but rather a germanium transistor based fuzz pedal that has a decent range of sounds.
These were manufactured in the late-1970s. There was a three transistor version and a four transistor version.
I believe that the three transistor version was in the more commonly seen silver enclosure
and the four transistor version was a silver-blue enclosure (pictured). All that the "treadle" does is switch it on/off.
For the three transistor version schematic,
CLICK HERE
.
For the four transistor version schematic,
CLICK HERE
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There were several different types of factories in Kazan at the time when these pedals were manufactured.
During the course of my research I discovered a discussion on a Russian forum which stated that it was most likely the Kazan Electronic Computing Machine Plant (KZEVM)
that manufactured these pedals, based on the logo found on the pedal name plates. Or perhaps it was a small sub-factory which was devoted to the creation of these products? These details seem to be lost to history. It is further complicated by the dual nature of these factories, which produced various products for the masses while simultaneously manufacturing things for the Soviet military industrial complex.
RIGA (Made in Riga, Latvia)
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This the "Anita" fuzz-wah pedal which has a Level (fuzz) and Volume control. This circuit uses an inductor. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This and I believe the whole product line offered by "Riga" were manufactured in the very late 70s/early 80s.
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This is the "Anta" fuzz. It's a straight ahead silicon transistor based fuzz pedal with a Level (fuzz) and Volume control. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the "Astra" wah-autowah-vibrato which has a Frequency and Level control. It is a silicon transistor circuit which uses an
inductor. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
.
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This is the "Inga" fuzz-wah, which utilizes an inductor and has a Level (fuzz), Volume and Timbre (tone) control. To see the
schematic
CLICK HERE
.
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This is the "Inta" wah pedal, which is just a straight wah pedal with an inductor. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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Here is the "Vita" fuzz pedal. It has a Level (fuzz), Volume and Timbre (tone) control. I'm not sure what the treadle controls, I
assume it's for the fuzz level but have not been able to verify that. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
.
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Here is the "Viola" compressor-sustainer which uses a special IC chip. It has a Volume and Level control. All that the "treadle" does is turn the
effect on/off.
To learn more about it and for access to schematic & instruction manual,
CLICK HERE
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Riga is a city located in Latvia just below the Gulf Of Riga. It took some serious searching but I have finally determined that manufacturer of these "Riga" guitar effects was the Rizhsky Semiconductor Device Plant, based on the unique square trademark logo that is stamped on the baseplates. This
factory is referred to as "Alpha" on the instruction manuals that accompanied these various pedals.
ELEKTRONIKA / VENTA (Appears to be several factories, one being Novosibirsk Low Voltage Plant USSR)
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This is the Venta-Elekronika "PE-11 Flanger". It is powered by a pair of 4.5V "planet batteries", which are
essentially three AA batteries in one package. It sounds pretty good... seems to be on par with the ADA Flanger. It appears these
were manufactured in the mid to late-80s. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
.
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This is the Elektronika "FL-01 Flanger". This seems to be kind of the same as the "PE-11" but is powered by an external power source (220V).
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Elektronika "EG-10 Equaliser". It is another table top type unit in a similar format to the FL-01 Flanger. It is also powered by an external
power source (220V). It has 10 bands: 31Hz, 63Hz, 125Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 4kHz, 8kHz & 16kHz. I don't know if it's a graphic EQ or a parametric EQ.
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
. (Link currently inactive)
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This is the Elektronika "Jet Fazer" which is a phaser-vibrato effect with a fuzz section. These were made during the 80s in USSR. The controls are Speed,
Resonance, Distortion and Sustain. The switches have "Phaser", "Vibrato", "Mild" and "Rough" positions.
To download the schematic only
CLICK HERE
.
To see the instruction manual (minus schematic)
CLICK HERE
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This is the Elektronika "PE-05 Flanger". The controls are Depth, Speed, Delay and Resonance.
These seem to be rather hard to find. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Elektronika "Fazer-2" which is a germanium transistor based phaser/vibrato pedal. The switch selects between the Phaser
and Vibrato. Controls are Speed and Resonance (depth). There is a trim pot on the side that can be accessed with a flat head screwdriver
which affects the tone. It is said to have a very nice warm tone.
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Elektronika "Compressor-Sustain(er)" which not so obviously is a fuzz pedal with some options rather than a proper compressor pedal.
The "Sharp" switch gives a more extreme hi-gain mid frequency fuzz, keeping in tradition with Soviet fuzz pedals. The two controls (from left to right) are
Distortion (gain of the fuzz) and Sustain (amount of sustain). These seem to be very hard to find. To see the
schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Elektronika "E-01 Equaliser". This is allegedly a parametric EQ, not a graphic EQ and is quite effective. There are six control sliders
which include level, and five frequencies: 64Hz, 250Hz, 1000Hz, 3500Hz 125000Hz, each adjustable by +/- 12dB.
It was offered in a blue or orange enclosure (possibly other colors as well). Apparently it requires a special external dual voltage power supply of 15V DC & 30V DC.
There was also a stereo version of this which is basically like two of these stuck together. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
(link currently inactive).
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This is the Elektronika "E-02 Dual-Channel Equaliser". Not too much else to say about it, same features as the E-01 Equaliser. This one is a bit
unusual for this time period because it has two channels. Also is apparently a parametric EQ. I have also seen these with a blue enclosure (there may be
other colors as well). It has an internal power transformer with a 220V primary.
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
.
Still looking for a higher quality schematic on this one. This will at least give an idea of
the circuit topology.
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This is the Elektronika "Synchro Wah". It's a very unique autowah that is quacky and whooshy sounding. There are examples with blue, orange or
green enclosures. The controls are Attack and Accent. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
.
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This is the Elektronika "B12-011". It is a multi-FX unit which has a wah, vibrato, phaser and compressor. To see the
schematic
CLICK HERE
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One curious thing about the Elektronika product line is that the same pedal can be found in three or
four different colors. I'm not sure if that was by design or if it meant that a certain colored one meant that it was made at a specific factory. Design-wise, they
were pretty sophisticated for the time, using silicon transistors and various IC chips. Allegedly the Soviets
created the DA____ series IC chips for use in tape recorders, which can be found in some of the Elektronika product line and it is said that is why Soviet flangers
are quieter than their western counterparts. Elektronika guitar pedals seem to have been one of the most ubiquitious "brands" in the USSR. Most of the
pedals were offered in the early part of the 80s with a few of them being produced very shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union.
POLTAVA / LTAVA (Poltava Electromechanical Plant; Ltava, Poltava, Ukraine)
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Here is the "Poltava", which in the west is a more well known fuzz-wah-vibrato. It's capable of some nice sounds.
These were available in a few different colors; the least common
variant is shown here. The vibrato (tremolo) has a speed control. These were manufactured in the very late 70s/early 80s. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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Here is the "Ltava", which seems to be a hot-rodded Poltava with some additional features. It appears these were also offered in a
few different colors.
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
.
To see the component layout
CLICK HERE
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Poltava is a city in Ukraine about 80 miles west of Kharkiv. Ltava is in this same area. I don't know much else about this
manufacturer at this time, or if the Poltava & Ltava are actually two different manufacturers, but we can say for sure that both are from Ukraine.
SAM (Moscow Electromechanical Plant)
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This is the "EFFEKT-1". It is a fuzz-wah-vibrato with a speed control. It was one of the first successful guitar effects to be released in the
USSR (1977-78). Many units were sold due to being inexpensive, the popularity of Jimi Hendrix, and similar types of music. The "EFFEKT-1" and the
other two "EFFEKT" products below were developed under the supervision of Alexander Evgenievich Maistrovich.
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This the "EFFEKT-3". It is a distortion pedal with a phaser released in 1983.
To see only the schematic
CLICK HERE
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To see the owner manual (with schematic included)
CLICK HERE
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This is the "EFFEKT-4". It is a fuzz-wah-autowah pedal with an envelope sensitivity control. It was released in 1983 and was apparently
intended for use by bass guitarists. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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The Moscow Electro-Mechanical Plant (SAM) was located in the Krasnoselskaya area in Moscow, Russia. It's
pretty close to the center of Moscow and is located very near to a large train depot in an industrial part of the city with several factories. Founded in 1923
as an industry that repaired typewriters, adding machines and cash registers. Later they transitioned to counting and sorting machines. During WWII
they produced over one million PPSH and five hundred thousand PPS submachine guns. Post-WWII they started manufacturing computers. The company was privatized in
1994 and came to an end in 2013-2014, culminating in criminal investigations, and most if not all of the factory buildings were demolished.
SPEKTR (Factory in Orel, Russia)
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This is the "SPEKTR-1", a very unusual fuzz-wah-vibrato. It uses a mixture of germanium and silicon transistors and has two types of fuzz. The vibrato speed
and depth are fixed.
To learn more about it and for access to schematics & instruction manual,
CLICK HERE
.
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This is the "SPEKTR-2", a fuzz-wah. It uses a pair of toggle switches that poke thru the treadle to turn on/off each function. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the "SPEKTR-3". It is a fuzz-wah-autowah with similar features to the SPEKTR-2. One of the treadles controls the volume and the other
one is for the wah function. To see the schematic & instruction manual
CLICK HERE
.
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This is the "SPEKTR-4". It appears to be a SPEKTR-3 minus the volume pedal but at this point in time remains unverified. To see instruction manual and schematic,
CLICK HERE
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Orel is a city located about 200 miles south of Moscow. The factory was Orlov UVM which manufactured radios, control computers and things along those lines as well as various other things made for the masses.
TESLA (Czechoslovakia)
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This is the "Tesla AYZ 025". It is a very good sounding fuzz-wah with some interesting features, one of them being a frequency doubler. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Tesla "Compressor-Sustainer" (AYZ 032). It is a compressor-sustainer pedal. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Tesla "Attack Equalizer" (AYZ 031). It is a 2-band EQ pedal with a Bass, Treble and Volume control. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the Tesla "Equalizer" (AYZ 030). It is a 5-band EQ pedal with 80Hz, 200Hz, 500Hz, 1.5kHz & 4kHz frequency controls, and a
Volume control. I don't have any other info on it at this time.
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This is the Tesla "Over Drive" (AYZ 033). It is an overdrive pedal with a Overdrive and Volume control. It appears to operate on a 9V battery.
It is said that it sounds similar to a Boss OD-1. To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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The formal name of this manufacturer today is TESLA a.s. and was/is headquartered in Prague. The company was established as Elektra in 1921 and renamed Tesla in 1946. Allegedly TESLA is an abbreviation from TEchnika SLAboproudá, which means "low-current technology". It appears that these pedals were manufactured
a few years before the collapse of the USSR, so late 80s time period. TESLA manufactured various other electronic appliances and was in operation in that format from 1946 to 1991, at which time the business was privatized. There a few other products not shown here: AYZ-020 Volume-Booster, AYZ-026 Wah Booster and the AOS 192 "Studioecho-A".
"SIGNAL-1" (Origin unknown)
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Here is the "SIGNAL-1" phase shifter. This nice sounding phaser I think is truly a very rare Soviet-era guitar effect.
I like the way it looks. The switches are not very heavy duty and are the same odd 12-pin DPDT push button switches that were used
in the Univox Uniwah, SPEKTR-1 and some Elektronika pedals. Most examples I have seen date to 1982.
To see the schematic
CLICK HERE
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Still looking for a higher quality schematic on this one... not sure I'll ever find one but I'll keep trying! This will at least give an idea of
the circuit topology.
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I am very curious about where exactly this was manufactured. I am still in the process of searching for trademark
logos that match what is on the bottom of the pedal but no luck so far. I did find a post in a Russian forum stating that there was a time when things other
than wine and cheese came from Moldova, which suggests that either this pedal was made in Moldova, or simply that this is where it ended up being.
VOLNA (Novosibirsk, Russia)
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This is another very unusual and definitely rare pedal, the "Volna Autowah". It has a very unique and distinctive sound. I understand these were
manufactured at the Novosibirsk Electromechanical Works, in Novosibirsk, Russia. To see the
instruction manual and schematic
CLICK HERE
.
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VNIIPRA (Lenningrad, Russia)
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This is an interesting little passive mixer that was apparently manufactured in Leningrad, Russia. Specfically, it is said to have been made at the
"VNIIPRA" military factory in the early to mid-80s. It has three inputs, three volume controls and one output. To see the
instruction manual and schematic
CLICK HERE
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ATLANT (Svitlovodsk Plant, Ukraine)
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Here is the "Atlant", which translates as Atlas. It is another very unusual and apparently quite rare fuzz-wah-volume pedal. I don't have much info on
it at this time but the controls are a little
unusual. There are two pots which are controlled by your foot, by sliding your foot on the ribbed "spindles" to turn them. Inside there is a gear attached to
the potentiometers that turn a numbered gear which appears thru a window on the top, which indicates what setting you have it on. You can see that here
HERE
. These control the fuzz sensitivity and tone.
The three "keys" at the top are very similar to the SPEKTR-1; you press them and it actuates a switch which is mounted on a bracket below these "keys". Big die cast
enclosure built like a tank - it weighs 12 lbs! Apparently it operates on 12 volts. Still searching for a schematic on this one.
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This mysterious device was made by a factory located in Kirovograd region of Sverdlovsk. I'm not sure if this was made
in the same factory(ies) as the "Atlas" brand name known for manufacturing refrigerators and similar appliances. Looking at the construction and design of it, I tend to think it's possible.
FORMANTA (Sverdlovsk/Kachkanar, Russia)
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This is the "LEADER-1", which is a "guitar micro-synthesizer".
It has four effect sections, as follows;
Mixer: Guitar Level (dry signal), Sub-Octave, Octave and two "Rock Tones" (distortion).
Phaser: Depth and Frequency.
Controlled Filter: Start, Stop, Speed, Level and Resonance.
Modulator: Attack, Threshold and Attenuation.
It operates on a 220V power supply. They were manufactured in the 1980s and can create a lot of interesting sounds. To see the
instruction manual and schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the "LEADER-2", which is a "guitar micro-synthesizer".
It has five effect sections, as follows:
"Tone Corrector", Flanger, Chorus, Solo, Rhythm
It operates on a 220V power supply. They were manufactured in the 1980s and can create a lot of interesting sounds. To see the instruction manual and schematic
CLICK HERE
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This is the "ESKO 100", which is a Tape Delay + Fuzz/Vibrato/Octaver/Flanger. Wow that's a wild one! It utilized a tape delay circuit.
It was apparently made in the early to mid-80s or so. It's capable of many interesting sounds which are actually quite musical.
To see the schematics
CLICK HERE
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There apparently was also a digital delay version of this unit, with the tape delay section omitted.
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The products offered by Formanta were the most sophisticated guitar effects I have seen from the USSR during the 1980s. Formanta
is also well known for the "Polivoks" synthesizers made from 1982 to 1990. The factory was located in the Sverdlovsk/Kachkanar area, in central Russia. It's approximately 500 miles northeast of Kazan.
ESTRADIN (Ukraine)
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Here is the Estradin "EFFEKT-1" Flanger. It operates on 220V and has Frequency, Shift and Brightness controls. It is
reported to sound something like the ElectroHarmonix "Electric Mistress". This example was made in 1987.
To see the schematic and component layout
CLICK HERE
.
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Here is the Estradin "EFFEKT-2" Phaser. It operates on 220V and has Frequency, Balance and Brightness controls. This example was made in 1990.
To see the schematic and component layout
CLICK HERE
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Estradin made some cool looking pedals.They look modern and certainly much more conventional than some of
the kinda bizarre pedals from the late 70s & early 80s. Unfortunately they would be difficult to use in the USA due to how they are powered, via an internal
power transformer. The Zhytomyr
plant "Electroizmeritel", in Ukraine, produced a wide variety of electrical appliances for both civilian and military purposes. Apparently production of these pedals
continued on for a short time after the collapse of the Soviet Union. I believe the factory was located in central Ukraine.
ELITA (Ukraine)
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This is the Elita "Ekspromt" compressor-sustainer. The drive section has Drive, Tone and Level controls. The compressor section has Sustain and Level
controls. Each section can be turned on/off independently. The "compressor" is said to have quite a long sustain. Looking at the inside of
the pedal there appears to be an LDR/LED combo inside, along with several IC chips. It operates on 15V DC.
These were made in the late 80s up to about the early 90s. The example shown here is from 1993. Still hunting for a schematic on this one.
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This is the Elita "Quasichorus". This stereo chorus has four controls: Frequency, Depth, Delay and Brightness. It is unique sounding, with two outputs which are out
of phase with each other. It operates on 15V DC. These were made in the late 80s up to the early 90s.
To see the schematic and component layout
CLICK HERE
.
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Elita also made some really cool looking pedals. These were also made right around the time of the collapse of the USSR. Production continued on until 1993 or so. They look modern and certainly much more conventional than some of the kinda bizarre pedals from the late 70s & early 80s. The logo on the top side of the enclosure is still used by the present day business called Electrovimiryuvach, in Ukraine. This Zhytomyr plant, in English "Electric Meter", was founded in November 1956 on the squares of a former theological seminary, the buildings of which were destroyed during WWII.
Fortunately these pedals are much easier to use in the USA due to having a DC jack, but they require an unconventional hard to find long plug (2.5mm) which is somewhat similar to the old DOD 1/8" tip positive plug. It shouldn't be too difficult to replace with another type of jack - the tricky part of it is that they require 15 volts although I have read they will operate on less, and doing so also makes them a little quieter.
I find it quite interesting the wide range of designs that were offered in the Soviet-era. Some of them are just bizarre, which kind of adds to their to appeal in a
certain way. Also what is interesting is that all of the circuits appear to be somewhat unique - no obvious copying and/or stealing designs from other manufacturers as far
I have been able ascertain. Also is interesting to see these designs which exhibit no influence from the western world. Some of them are as weird as the Soviet-era guitars!
In the post-Soviet 90s there were many other more modern and conventional guitar pedals on the market, such as Lell, Crock, Avia, Sound JS, Venta, and Gamma (Yerasov). A few of the Gamma pedals are shown below. They look to be essentially copies of Boss-Roland products, at least as far as the styling and enclosure design goes. Some appear to be unique designs, such as the FET Color FC-1, which seems to be something like a Boss OD-1 combined with the Boss Slow Gear or something along those lines. If you have schematics for any of the pedals shown above which I don't have linked on this page, please contact me via the email link on my home page!
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